Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

What is polycystic ovary syndrome?

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess levels of male hormones (androgens). Its exact cause is not known.

What are the symptoms?

• Infrequent, irregular or prolonged menstrual cycles
• Fewer than nine periods a year, or more than 35 days between two menstrual cycles
• Excess hair growth
• Acne
• Polycystic ovaries (your ovaries may be enlarged and contain follicles, numerous small fluid collections, surrounding the eggs)
• The ovaries may not function properly

What are the causes?

The exact cause is not known, but excess insulin in the body, family history and obesity play a role in the development of PCOS.

What are the complications?

• Infertility
• Gestational diabetes
• Pregnancy-induced high blood pressure
• Miscarriage or premature birth
• Fatty liver disease
• Metabolic syndrome: a cluster of conditions, such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar and high cholesterol or triglyceride levels, that increases your risk of cardiovascular disease
• Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes
• Depression and anxiety disorders
• Sleep apnea
• Abnormal uterine bleeding between periods
• Increased risk of uterine cancer

How is it diagnosed?

A thorough medical history, a physical examination, blood tests to measure your hormone levels and an ovarian ultrasound are usually enough for the diagnosis.

How is it treated and monitored?

PCOS treatment is individualized. It varies depending on the complaint that brings the patient to the doctor. It often focuses on managing your individual concerns, such as infertility, excess hair growth, acne or obesity. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medication.

What lifestyle changes are recommended?

150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week is recommended; swimming and brisk walking are suitable activities. A daily step count of 10,000 steps is recommended. A low-calorie diet program is recommended.

What medications are used?

To regulate your menstrual cycle, your doctor may recommend birth control pills. These medications can reduce the risk of developing uterine cancer, reduce bleeding between periods and help with excess hair growth and acne. In people with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, metformin may be added to the treatment.